Healthy Eating
The basics of healthy eating and good nutrition are the same for women and men: Choose healthy foods most of the time and limit the amount of unhealthy foods you eat. But women have some unique nutritional needs, especially in different stages of life. And healthy eating can be difficult to fit into your everyday life. We’ve got answers to your questions about
healthy eating.
Why is healthy eating important?
Do women have different nutritional needs than men?
What vitamins and minerals do women need?
Healthy eating and women
The food and drink choices you make every day affect your health now and later in life. Choosing healthy foods and drinks more often can help prevent or manage many health problems that affect women. And studies show that when a woman eats healthy, everyone in her household is more likely to eat healthy.
What is healthy eating?
Healthy eating is a way of eating that improves your health and helps prevent disease. It means choosing different types of healthy food from all of the food groups (fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy, and proteins), most of the time, in the correct amounts for you. Healthy eating also means not eating a lot of foods with added sugar, sodium (salt), and saturated and trans fats.
Healthy eating also means getting nutrients primarily from food rather than from vitamins or other supplements. Some women might need vitamins, minerals, or other supplements at certain times in life like before or during pregnancy. But most women, most of the time, should get their essential nutrients from what they eat and drink.
What you eat and drink is influenced by where you live, the types of foods available in your community and in your budget, your culture and background, and your personal preferences. Often, healthy eating is affected by things that are not directly under your control, like how close the grocery store is to your house or job. Focusing on the choices you can control will help you make small changes in your daily life to eat healthier.
How many calories do I need?
The amount of calories you need is based on your physical activity level, age, height, weight, and other unique health considerations, such as whether you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
To get a personalized calorie recommendation, use the MyPlate Plan tool.
What does healthy eating look like?
Use MyPlate(link is external) (PDF, 281 KB) as a guide to build a healthy diet. Think about filling your plate with foods from the five food groups — fruits, vegetables, grains, proteins, and dairy — at each meal. Snacks can be a good way to fill in fruits and whole grains you might have missed at meals. Most of us don’t need complicated calorie counting programs or special recipes for healthy eating.
Some simple tips to improve your eating habits are to eat more vegetables, snack on fruit more often, and cook at home more each week.
Fruits and vegetables. Everyone needs to eat fruits and vegetables every day. Try to fill about half of your plate with fruits or vegetables at meals. Most women do not get enough fruits and vegetables.3 Eat whole fruit (not juice) and try different types of vegetables during the week.
Protein. Eat different types of foods with protein, including seafood, lean meats, poultry, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), nuts, seeds, and soy products. Most women do not eat enough seafood to meet weekly recommendations of 8 to 10 ounces (or about two servings a week).
Grains. Make at least half your grains whole grains, such as brown rice, whole-wheat pasta, or whole-wheat bread. Most women do not eat enough whole grains.5
Dairy. Women should get 3 cups of dairy each day, but most women get only half that amount.6 If you can’t drink milk, try to eat low-fat plain yogurt or low-fat cheese. Dairy products are among the best food sources of the mineral calcium, but some vegetables such as kale and broccoli also have calcium, as do some fortified foods such as fortified soymilk, fortified cereals, and many fruit juices. Most girls ages 9 to 18 and women older than 50 need more calcium for good bone health.
Oils. When cooking try to use oils from plants instead of solid fats like butter, margarine, or coconut oil. See this list of oils and fats to see how healthy each type of cooking oil and solid fat is. Most women eat too much solid fat through packaged foods like chips or salad dressing, and not enough healthy fats like olive oil or the type of fat in seafood.
Healthy eating means not eating a lot of food with added sugars, saturated and trans fat, and sodium (salt). Healthy eating means eating fruits, vegetables, whole grains, healthy types of protein and dairy and not eating or drinking too many calories for your body type.
Does healthy eating include a specific diet or type of food?
No. There is no one special ingredient or vitamin that will make you healthy and cure illness. One of the keys to healthy eating is your overall pattern of eating.
You don’t have to spend a lot of money, follow a very strict diet, or eat only specific types of food to eat healthy. Healthy eating is not about skipping meals or certain nutrients. Healthy eating is not limited to certain types of food, like organic, gluten-free, or enriched food. It is not limited to certain patterns of eating, such as high protein.
You also do not have to stop eating all of your favorite foods. You can eat a variety of foods, including less healthy favorites, as long as you don’t eat them all the time and keep the amount small.
Some diets have been shown by researchers to prevent disease and help people reach and maintain a healthy weight. Get started with one of these:
Healthy U.S.-style eating plan
Mediterranean-style eating plan
Vegetarian eating plan
DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)
Why is healthy eating important for everyone?
Healthy eating helps:
Your body and brain get the energy you need to think and be physically active
Your body get the essential vitamins and minerals you need to stay alive and healthy. For example, your body needs iron to help deliver oxygen to all of your muscles and organs. Vitamin C helps your body make new skin cells and collagen. Vitamin A helps you see better at night.
You reach and maintain a healthy weight
Lower your risk of diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes
The old saying “you are what you eat” is true. What you eat and drink become the building blocks for all of the cells in your body. Over time, your food and drink choices make a difference in your health.
What unique nutritional needs do women have?
Women have some unique nutritional needs, including needing more of certain vitamins and minerals during pregnancy or after menopause.
Calories. Most times, women need fewer calories. That’s because women naturally have less muscle, more body fat, and are usually smaller. On average, adult women need between 1,600 and 2,400 calories a day. Women who are more physically active may need more calories. Find out how many calories you need each day, based on your age, height, weight, and activity level.
Vitamins and minerals. Calcium, iron, and folic acid are particularly important for women.
Reproductive health. Women have different nutritional needs during different stages of life, such as during pregnancy and breastfeeding or after menopause.
Health problems. Women are more likely to have some health problems related to nutrition, such as celiac disease and lactose intolerance, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies, such as iron-deficiency anemia.
Metabolism. Women process some substances differently and burn fewer calories at rest and during exercise than men do.
How do my nutritional needs change throughout life?
Women’s nutritional needs change as our bodies change during different stages of our lives.
During the teen years. Girls ages 9 to 18 need more calcium and vitamin D to build strong bones and help prevent osteoporosis later in life. Girls need 1,300 milligrams (mg) of calcium and 600 international units (IUs) of vitamin D every day. Girls ages 14 to 18 also need more iron than boys (15 mg compared to 11 mg).
Young adults. Teen girls and young women usually need more calories than when they were younger, to support their growing and developing bodies. After about age 25, a woman’s resting metabolism (the number of calories her body needs to sustain itself at rest) goes down. To maintain a healthy weight after age 25, women need to gradually reduce their calories and increase their physical activity.
Before and during pregnancy. You need more of certain nutrients than usual to support your health and your baby’s development. These nutrients include protein, calcium, iron, and folic acid. Many doctors recommend prenatal vitamins or a folic acid supplement during this time. Many health insurance plans also cover folic acid supplements prescribed by your doctor during pregnancy. You also need to avoid some foods, such as certain kinds of fish. Learn more about healthy eating during pregnancy in our Pregnancy section.
During breastfeeding. Continue eating healthy foods while breastfeeding. You may also need to drink more water. Nursing mothers may need about 13 cups of water a day. Try drinking a glass of water every time you nurse and with each meal. Read more about healthy eating during breastfeeding in our Breastfeeding section.
After menopause. Lower levels of estrogen after menopause raise your risk for chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, and osteoporosis, a condition that causes your bones to become weak and break easily. What you eat also affects these chronic diseases. Talk to your doctor about healthy eating plans and whether you need more calcium and vitamin D to protect your bones. Read more about how very low estrogen levels affect your health in our Menopause section. Most women also need fewer calories as they age, because of less muscle and less physical activity. Use the MyPlate Plan tool to find out how many calories you need based on your level of activity.
How much fiber should I eat?
Fiber is an important part of an overall healthy eating plan. Good sources of fiber include fortified cereal, many whole-grain breads, beans, fruits (especially berries), dark green leafy vegetables, all types of squash, and nuts. Look on the Nutrition Facts label for fiber content in processed foods like cereals and breads. Use the search tool on this USDA page to find the amount of fiber in whole foods like fruits and vegetables.
Most women do not get enough fiber.
Women ages 19 to 30 need 28 grams of fiber every day.
Women ages 31 to 50 need 25 grams of fiber every day.
Women age 51 or older need 22 grams of fiber every day.
Why is fiber good for women’s health?
Not getting enough fiber can lead to constipation and can raise your risk for other health problems. Part of healthy eating is choosing fiber-rich foods, including beans, berries, and dark green leafy vegetables, every day. Fiber helps lower your risk for diseases that affect many women, such as heart disease, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and colon cancer. Fiber also helps you feel full, so it can help you reach and maintain a healthy weight.
Why is seafood good for women’s health?
In addition to other nutrients, seafood has two important omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, more commonly called EPA and DHA. These fatty acids may affect:
Risk for heart disease
Risk for preterm birth (also called premature birth)
Growth and development in unborn babies and breastfed infants
How can I get enough omega-3 fatty acids?
Here are some ways to get omega-3 fatty acids:
Eat seafood. Salmon, tuna, trout, anchovies, and sardines have high amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. One way to get more seafood is to make it your main protein choice a couple of times a week.
Eat nuts, seeds, and oils with omega-3 fatty acids. Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids include walnuts, flaxseeds, flaxseed oil, soybean oil and canola oil.
Eat foods with added omega-3 fatty acids. Some foods may have added omega-3 fatty acids (called “fortified” on the label), including some types of eggs, yogurt, juices, milk, or soy beverages.
Take a fish oil supplement. If it’s difficult to get enough omega-3 fatty acids from food, your doctor or nurse may recommend a supplement (an over-the-counter pill). Vegetarian women who do not eat seafood especially may benefit from vegetarian omega-3 supplements.
Are low-fat or low-carb diets safe for women?
Yes, low-fat and low-carbohydrate (carb) diets can be safe, but you should always talk to your doctor or nurse before limiting the amount of any specific nutrient like fat or carbs. Fats and carbs are essential, which means your body needs them to work correctly and for good health.
Low-carb diets can help you lose weight, but they can also limit the amount of fiber you get each day. Most women do not get enough fiber. Low-carb diets can also be difficult to continue for the long term. Carbohydrates are a type of essential nutrient, meaning that your body has to have carbs to work correctly.
Low-fat diets also can help you lose weight. But the amount of weight lost is usually small. You can lose weight and lower your risk for heart disease and stroke if you follow an overall healthy pattern of eating that includes more fruits, vegetables, whole grains and beans that are high in fiber, nuts, low-fat dairy and fish, in addition to staying away from trans fat and saturated fat.
For weight loss, what is more important is eating healthy carbs and unsaturated fats and limiting the amount of calories you take in. It helps to cut out or eat less of foods that don’t have essential vitamins, minerals, or nutrients. Make sure you read the Nutrition Facts label carefully. Learn more in our Healthy Weight section.
Did we answer your question about healthy eating and women?
For more information about healthy eating, call the OWH Helpline at 1-800-994-9662 or check out the following resources from other organizations:
10 Tips Nutrition Series — Information from ChooseMyPlate.gov.
Delicious Heart-Healthy Recipes — Information from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI).
Food Groups — Information on the five food groups from ChooseMyPlate.gov.
Healthy Eating(link is external) — Information from the American Heart Association.
Heart Healthy Home Cooking African American Style (PDF – 3.35 MB) — Information from the NHLBI.
Mediterranean diet: A heart-healthy eating plan(link is external) — Information from the Mayo Clinic.
Rethink Your Drink — Information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
MyPlate Checklist Calculator — Personalized healthy eating plans from ChooseMyPlate.gov.
Did we answer your question about healthy eating and women?
For more information about healthy eating, call the OWH Helpline at 1-800-994-9662 or check out the following resources from other organizations:
10 Tips Nutrition Series — Information from ChooseMyPlate.gov.
Delicious Heart-Healthy Recipes — Information from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI).
Food Groups — Information on the five food groups from ChooseMyPlate.gov.
Healthy Eating(link is external) — Information from the American Heart Association.
Heart Healthy Home Cooking African American Style (PDF – 3.35 MB) — Information from the NHLBI.
Mediterranean diet: A heart-healthy eating plan(link is external) — Information from the Mayo Clinic.
Rethink Your Drink — Information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
MyPlate Checklist Calculator — Personalized healthy eating plans from ChooseMyPlate.gov.
Vitamins and minerals for women
Your body needs vitamins and minerals for good health. Each vitamin and mineral has specific benefits and is essential for keeping your body functioning well. Also, there are some vitamins and minerals that women need more of than men do.
What vitamins and minerals are important for women’s health?
All vitamins and minerals are important for good health. Vitamins and minerals often work together in your body. It’s usually best to get your vitamins and minerals from many different types of food in all of the food groups. Fill your plate with fruits, vegetables, dairy, grains, and a variety of protein foods to build a healthy plate.
Folic acid/folate (Vitamin B9)
Why it’s important
Helps your body make blood cells and the DNA for new cells
Helps prevent certain birth defects called neural tube defects, which happen in the first three months of pregnancy
Helps prevent premature births and low birth weight
Who may need it
All women who might get pregnant or are pregnant need to get 400–800 mcg of folic acid each day from either dietary supplements (most prenatal vitamins have this amount) or fortified foods like many breakfast cereals.1 Nearly half, or 45%, of all pregnancies in the United States are not planned, so it’s important to make sure you are getting enough folic acid even if you’re not planning on getting pregnant right now.
Where to find it in food
Spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables, oranges and pure orange juice, nuts, beans, chicken, lean beef, whole grains, and cereals with added folic acid
Vitamin B-12
Why it’s important
Helps your body make red blood cells
Helps your neurons (cells in your brain and nervous system) work correctly
Who may need it
Some women may not get enough B-12. Talk to your doctor or nurse about taking a B-12 supplement if you are:
Pregnant. Vitamin B-12 is very important for your unborn baby’s development. Without it, your baby may have a low birth weight or other health problems.3
Vegetarian. Because vitamin B-12 comes mostly from animal products, you may need to take a supplement to make sure you get enough. Also, talk to your doctor or nurse if you are feeding your baby breastmilk only, because your baby may need to take a supplement too.
Age 50 or older. As we age, our bodies cannot absorb vitamin B-12 as well, so you may need to get more vitamin B12 from supplements or fortified foods, because it is easier to absorb.
Where to find it in food
Low-fat or fat-free milk, eggs, liver, poultry, clams, sardines, flounder, herring, blue cheese, nutritional yeast, and foods with vitamin B-12 added, including some cereals, fortified soy beverages, and veggie burgers
Vitamin D
Why it’s important
With calcium, helps build strong bones and prevent osteoporosis
Helps reduce inflammation in your cells
Helps your immune system fight off germs that can make you sick
Who may need it
Women who:4
Do not get much sunlight (you live in the northern part of the country or are homebound)
Are African-American, Hispanic, or Asian-American
Are postmenopausal
Are obese
Have inflammatory bowel disease or any other disease that makes it harder for the gut to absorb fat (vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, meaning it has to be absorbed by the gut)
Have had gastric bypass surgery (weight loss surgery)
Talk to your doctor or nurse if you think you may not get enough vitamin D. Most women do not need testing for vitamin D deficiency.
Where to find it in food
Fish like tuna and salmon, and fortified foods (low-fat or fat-free milk and some brands of orange juice, cereals, soy beverages, and yogurt)
Calcium
Why it’s important
Helps protect and build strong bones and reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Your body stores calcium in your bones, so if you don’t get enough calcium from food, your body will take calcium from your bones, making them weak and easily broken.
Helps messages go between your brain and muscles
Who may need it
Girls ages 9 to 18 need 1,300 milligrams (mg) of calcium each day. During this time, bones absorb calcium and build strong bones for adulthood and older age.
Adult women need 1,000 mg of calcium each day.
After menopause, you need 1,200 mg of calcium each day to help slow the bone loss that comes with aging.6
Where to find it in food
Low-fat or fat-free yogurt, cheese, and milk; foods with calcium added, such as some soy beverages, 100% orange juice, tofu, and cereals; canned salmon; and dark green leafy vegetables
Iron
Why it’s important
Builds healthy blood cells that carry oxygen in your body
Helps make certain hormones and connective tissue in your body
Who may need it
All women who have menstrual periods. Iron is lost during monthly periods.
Pregnant women. Women need more iron during pregnancy to supply enough blood for their growing babies.
Many women, especially pregnant women, do not get enough iron from food alone. This can put you at risk for iron-deficiency anemia. This condition causes your heart to work harder to pump blood so that more oxygen can reach all of your body. Anemia can make you feel tired, weak, and dizzy.
The amount of iron you need each day throughout your life is listed below:
Ages 19 to 50: 18 mg
During pregnancy: 27 mg
Ages 51 and older: 8 mg
Where to find it in food
Lean red meats and chicken, seafood, cereals/breads with iron added, oysters, beans, dark chocolate, liver, spinach, tofu, and canned tomatoes
Should I take a vitamin or mineral supplement?
Most women do not need a vitamin or mineral supplement. You should be able to get all the nutrients you need, including vitamins and minerals, by choosing healthy foods.
But there are three groups of women who might need a vitamin and mineral supplement:
Women who are pregnant or could become pregnant. A supplement ensures that you get the folic acid you need daily to lower the risk of certain birth defects, including spina bifida. Check the Nutrition Facts label to make sure the supplement has at least 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid.
Postmenopausal women. After menopause women lose bone density faster than men because of hormonal changes. Many women do not get enough calcium and vitamin D from the foods they eat. Calcium and vitamin D, along with weight-bearing exercise, help prevent osteoporosis. You may also need to take supplements with vitamin B-12 (see the chart above).
Vegetarians. You can get some vitamins from animal products more easily than from plant sources. For example, vitamin B-12 is found in many animal products, including eggs and dairy, but it is not found in plants. Also, vegans especially may not get enough of vitamins B-2 (riboflavin), B-12, and D from food alone.
Talk with your doctor or nurse about whether you need a supplement and, if so, how much you should take.
Are dietary supplements safe?
Many dietary supplements are safe, especially those recommended by your doctor or nurse. But dietary supplements are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the same way medicines are regulated.
Companies that make vitamins and other types of dietary supplements (such as minerals and herbs) do not have to get approval from the FDA to sell their products. The companies are required to report any negative side effects from supplements. The FDA can take products off the market if they are found to be unsafe, have false or misleading claims on them, contain harmful ingredients (like heavy metals), or have too much or too little of an ingredient.
You should always talk to your doctor or nurse before taking a dietary supplement. Certain supplements can raise your risk for new health problems, especially if you are also taking other medicines. Some supplements can make prescription medicines not work. For example:
If you take prescription medicine, such as blood thinners, certain supplements may interact with the medicine.7 When they interact with medicines, supplements can make medicines not work like they should and can lead to serious health problems.
St. John’s wort, an herbal supplement some people take to help with minor depression, can make some medicines break down in your body more quickly than they should, making them less likely to work. These medicines include birth control pills.
High doses (more than 3,000 micrograms [mcghttps://nccih.nih.gov/health/supplements">Dietary and Herbal Supplements — Information from the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine.
Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets — Information from the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS).
Dietary Supplement Label Database — Information from the ODS and the National Library of Medicine.
Are Women Getting Enough Folic Acid? — Fact sheet from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Fortify Your Knowledge About Vitamins — Fact sheet from the Food and Drug Administration.
